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Most services reach for a token bucket and never look further. Rate limiting is four distinct algorithms with different burst behaviours and failure modes — here is what each one actually protects against.
Most idempotency guides stop at the happy path. Here are three failure modes — concurrent requests, partial commits, and request-body mismatch — with the Postgres patterns that fix each one.
Three patterns for making an API endpoint idempotent — and the specific failure mode inside each one that most implementations quietly ship without fixing.
Most rate limiting failures aren't implementation errors. They come from picking an algorithm whose properties don't match the actual traffic shape. Here's a workload-first framework for making the right choice.
An Idempotency-Key header handles one of five layers where duplicates cause harm. Database writes, queue consumers, external API calls, and saga compensation each have failure modes the HTTP key doesn't cover.
The gRPC vs REST debate isn't about performance. It's about when the cost of schema enforcement is worth paying — and most teams reach for gRPC before they've hit the problems it actually solves.
Every tutorial shows you the happy path. Here is the part they skip: the exact schema, concurrent duplicate requests, crashed workers, and the eviction query that doesn't delete the wrong keys.
A unique constraint stops the check-before-insert race but leaves concurrent in-flight requests undefined. Here is the state machine pattern — with Postgres code — that handles all six failure modes.
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